Wednesday, 1 May 2024

Common Azure Interview Questions & Answers

 

1. What are the core components of Microsoft Azure's architecture?

Azure's architecture encompasses foundational components, providing the backbone for the platform's versatile cloud services.

Core Components

  1. Management Plane: Facilitates resource governance and management. It includes Azure Resource Manager (ARM), responsible for provisioning and lifecycle management of Azure resources.

  2. Control Plane: Enforces Azure's defined state, regulating resource operations. Here, Azure Resource Manager and Azure Policy ensure conformance with policies and configurations.

  3. Data Plane: Regulates the flow and accessibility of user data. Services like Blob Storage, Cosmos DB, and more utilize the Data Plane.

  4. Global Network: Serves as Azure's backbone, offering a low-latency, high-bandwidth network. This network underpins various Azure services, enhancing their efficiency.

  5. Identity: Azure Active Directory (AAD) plays a central role in identity management. It authenticates and authorizes users and services, ensuring secure access to Azure resources.

  6. Security & Compliance: Azure's dedicated teams manage security and regulatory compliance, safeguarding customer data.

  7. Billing: Azure utilities a metered billing model, where customers pay based on resource usage.

Core Areas of Focus

  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Offers virtualized computing resources over the internet. Azure VMs are one example, providing a choice of operating systems and flexibility in deploying software.

  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides tools and services to streamline application development and management. Azure App Service is a PaaS offering catering to web and mobile app development with features like automatic scaling and continuous integration.

  • Software as a Service (SaaS): Here, cloud-based software is delivered over the internet, eliminating the need for installation or software maintenance. Office 365, OneDrive, and Teams showcase Azure's SaaS capabilities.

  • Serverless Computing: Azure offers serverless solutions such as Azure Functions and Logic Apps, allowing developers to focus solely on their code, without any server management.yme

Supporting Services

Azure Resource Manager

Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is at the heart of the Azure Management Plane, orchestrating the deployment and management of resources across various Azure services.

Azure Active Directory

Azure AD powers Azure's identity and access management, streamlining user authentication and resource authorization across Azure's multifaceted environment.

Azure Policy

Azure Policy ensures regulatory compliance and governance by enforcing rules and regulations within your Azure infrastructure, thereby confirming resources remain aligned with your specific regulatory and operational guidelines.

Azure Service Health

Service Health provides comprehensive insights into the health and state of Azure services, along with timely updates, mitigating potential issues and optimizing your Azure experience.

Azure Monitor

As your go-to solution for in-depth operational visibility, Azure Monitor efficiently oversees the performance and characteristics of your Azure environment.

2. Explain the difference between Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS).

IaaS and PaaS offer distinct service models and capabilities to cater to varied application and infrastructure requirements.

Characteristics of IaaS

  • Flexibility: Offers versatile networking, storage, and virtualization options.
  • Control: Provides more control over infrastructure elements like VMs, operating systems, and networks.
  • Responsibility: Users manage and are responsible for most aspects of the operating system, applications, and data security.

Characteristics of PaaS

  • Efficiency: Streamlines development and deployment workflows.
  • Agility: Enables rapid application scaling and updates.
  • Responsibility: The cloud provider takes care of the underlying infrastructure stack, while the user focuses more on application development and configuration.

Shared Responsibilities

While both cloud service models involve a degree of shared responsibility between the cloud provider and the user:

  • IaaS: The user holds more responsibility, especially around configuration and security postures of the components.
  • PaaS: The cloud provider absorbs most of the infrastructure management duties, offering the user a platform optimized for their applications.

Benefits of IaaS

  • Granular Control: Ideal for organizations with specific compliance and regulatory requirements.
  • Customized Environments: Users can tailor virtual machines and networking to suit their needs.
  • Scalability: Can be adapted to changing workloads and user demands.

Benefits of PaaS

  • Simplicity: Offers a more straightforward, ready-to-use platform, ideal for rapid development and deployment.
  • Productivity: Reduces the time developers spend on infrastructure or configuration management, enabling them to focus on writing code.
  • Unified Ecosystem: Often integrates with other cloud services and tooling for a seamless development experience.

Best Uses

When to Choose IaaS:

  • Specialized Software Stacks: Organizations requiring specific software packages or configurations may choose IaaS for greater flexibility.
  • Full System Control: Useful when complete system control is necessary, such as in legacy system migrations.

When to Choose PaaS:

  • Standardized Development Environments: For collaborative projects where developers work in uniform, consistent environments.
  • Faster Project Deployment: When time-to-market is crucial, PaaS is often a more expedient choice.

3. What is Azure Resource Manager and how does it benefit Azure resource management?

Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is a management framework that allows you to deploy, manage, and organize Azure resources. It helps in orchestrating resource deployment and provides a range of benefits.

Benefits of Azure Resource Manager

  1. Consistent Management: ARM makes sure that all resources have a consistent lifecycle, enabling you to manage, monitor, and govern them uniformly.

  2. Deployment Templates: ARM templates define resource configurations and dependencies in a declarative format. These templates enable reliable and repeatable deployments and can be stored and version-controlled.

  3. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): ARM integrates RBAC, allowing you to precisely control who has access to what resources. This feature ensures that users only access resources they need for their roles, enhancing security.

  4. Policy Enforcement: ARM allows you to implement policies that enforce rules across your resources to maintain compliance and organizational standards.

  5. Grouping and Tagging: Resources can be logically organized by using resource groups and categorized using tags. This makes it easy to manage, monitor, and govern multiple resources collectively.

  6. Visually Manage Infrastructure: Azure Portal and tools such as Azure CLI and Azure PowerShell provide intuitive interfaces for you to view and manage your resources.

  7. Cost Management and Billing: ARM can be used to define and aggregate resource costs, enabling better control and predictability of your Azure expenses.

  8. Resource Locks: To prevent accidental modifications, you can set locks at different levels – either "CanNotDelete" or "ReadOnly".

  9. Extensibility: While Azure provides a range of built-in resources, ARM supports custom resources and services, making it a flexible management tool.

  10. Resource Groups as Units of Deployment: All resources within a resource group are deployed, updated, and deleted together, improving manageability.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

Azure RBAC is a built-in service in Azure that requires Azure AD. It provides fine-grained access management for resources, enabling you to permit or deny specific users access to specific actions, thereby safeguarding your resources.

Azure Policy

Azure Policy is a feature that helps bolster your governance strategy. With Azure Policy, you can safeguard your resources, ensure compliance with regulatory standards, set necessary guidelines for teams, and enforce best practices across your organization.

Azure Resource Locks

Using Azure Resource locks, you can prevent deletion, modifications or both to the Azure resources. These locks can be applied at two levels:

  1. Subscription Level: Applied to all resources within a subscription.
  2. Resource Group Level: Applied to all resources within a specific resource group.

Visualizing Azure Resources

Azure Portal, as a primary graphic interface for interacting with Azure, provides a visual representation of all your resources. This includes resource groups, virtual machines, storage accounts, and more. The Portal also shows resource diagnostic details, logs, and metrics.

Possible Applications

Organizations can use ARM for a range of purposes, such as:

  • Enabling consistent management and governance processes.
  • Implementing complex multi-resource deployment scenarios.
  • DevOps for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).
  • Enforcing broad range of compliance guidelines.
  • Facilitating robust cost management.

4. Describe the main categories of services offered by Azure.

Azure provides a plethora of cloud services, known for its breadth and depth of offerings. It clusters these offerings into three main categories: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and SaaS (Software as a Service).

IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

In an IaaS model, Azure provides the fundamental building blocks for cloud solutions like virtual machines, storage, and networking components.

Key Services

  • Azure Virtual Machines: Offers on-demand, scalable computing resources using virtualization. It's comparable to a physical server but scalable and flexible.
  • Azure Blob Storage: An object storage solution for the cloud, useful for storing large amounts of unstructured data.
  • Azure Virtual Network: Enables many Azure resources to communicate securely and privately with one another, the internet, and on-premises networks.
  • Azure Load Balancer: Distributes incoming network traffic across multiple virtual machines.
  • Azure Site Recovery: Offers business continuity and disaster recovery for virtualized applications.

PaaS: Platform as a Service

PaaS frees developers from managing infrastructure, allowing them to focus purely on app development. Azure PaaS offerings include operating systems, databases, and development tools.

Key Services

  • Azure App Service: A fully managed PaaS that helps developers quickly build, deploy, and scale web apps and APIs.
  • Azure SQL Database: A managed cloud database service, compatible with SQL Server, which handles scalability, backup, and disaster recovery.
  • Azure Active Directory: A comprehensive identity and access management solution that combines enterprise identity and access management and consumer identity and access management.
  • Azure Cosmos DB: A globally distributed, multi-model database service designed for scalable and highly responsive applications.

SaaS: Software as a Service

In the SaaS model, Azure offers ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet.

Key Services

  • Office 365: A suite of productivity tools, like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook, delivered as a subscription service.
  • Dynamics 365: A set of intelligent business applications, including marketing, sales, service, and operations.
  • Microsoft Azure Automation: Provides task automation and configuration management of resources within selected Azure subscriptions.

Shared Services

Some Azure services bridge all three models, offering cross-cutting functionalities.

Key Services

  • Azure Key Vault: Securely stores and manages sensitive information such as keys, passwords, certificates, etc., by using nifty automation to manage its resources securely.
  • Azure Active Directory: A comprehensive identity and access management solution that combines enterprise identity and access management and consumer identity and access management.
  • Azure API Management: A full-featured API management offering, which supports front-end and back-end systems, and helps manage, secure, and analyze the APIs.

These shared offerings are crucial for maintaining security, automating tasks, and managing user identity and access across the cloud.

5. Explain the use of Azure regions and availability zones.

Azure regions are separate geographical areas constructed to host datacenters. Meanwhile, availability zones within a region are unique, fault-isolated datacenters that provide increased stability and redundancy.

Key Benefits:

  • Service Proximity: Locating resources closer to end-users or other services for reduced latency.
  • Disaster Recovery: Regions and zones offer assurance in case of local outages or disasters.
  • Redundancy: Using multiple zones within a region or across regions ensures high availability.

Applications

  • Hybrid Environments: Deploy resources across regions for an optimized cloud strategy and to integrate with an on-premises setup.
  • Compliance: Maintain data residency requirements by housing data in specific regions.
  • Backup and Recovery: Implement robust, off-site strategies for backup and recovery.
  • Global Presence: Cater to a diverse customer base by deploying in multiple regions.

6. How does Azure ensure data redundancy and failover?

Azure offers a range of mechanisms to ensure data resilience and high availability. These include data redundancygeo-replication, and automatic failover.

Data Replication Strategies

  • Locally Redundant Storage (LRS): Data is replicated within the same data center, making it fault-tolerant within the facility.

  • Zone-Redundant Storage (ZRS): Data is copied synchronously in data centers across availability zones within a region.

  • Geo-Redundant Storage (GRS): Data is replicated asynchronously across geographical regions, offering heightened protection against regional disasters.

Azure Services for Automatic Failover

  • Azure Traffic Manager: Routes incoming requests across globally distributed Azure services to enhance availability and responsiveness.

  • Azure SQL Database: Uses Azure's global data center presence for automatic database failover to mitigate regional outages.

  • Azure Redis Cache: Offers a primary and secondary cache in a paired region to support Redis clustering and failover.

  • Azure Blob Storage: With GRS or RA-GRS, blobs are automatically failed over to the paired secondary region in the event of a regional outage.

Implementing Data Redundancy and Failover in Azure

Code Example

Here is the C# code:

// Set the storage account's replication type to Geo-Redundant Storage
var storageAccount = CloudStorageAccount.Parse("your_connection_string");
var client = storageAccount.CreateCloudBlobClient();
var properties = client.GetServiceProperties();
properties.DefaultServiceVersion = "2017-07-29";
properties.ReadGeoRedundantReplication = true;
client.SetServiceProperties(properties);

Recommendations

  • Design for Resiliency: To address single points of failure, use redundant components across zones and regions.

  • Regular Testing: Perform disaster recovery drills to validate the effectiveness of your failover plan.


7. In what scenarios would you use Azure App Service Environment?

The Azure App Service Environment offers a managed platform for running web apps, mobile app backends, API apps, or automated workflows. Using its dedicated infrastructure, including Azure Virtual Network resources, provides added security, network isolation, and special-use cases.

When to Use Azure App Service Environment

High Security and Compliance Requirement

For scenarios that require regulatory compliance, higher levels of network isolation, and control over data residency and hardware infrastructure, App Service Environment is a preferred choice. It's particularly suitable for industries like finance, healthcare, and government.

Unified Experience across Public, Private, and Hybrid Networks

App Service Environment ensures a consistent experience across public, private, and hybrid networks. It enables secure access to resources such as databases and storage accounts without exposing them to the public internet.

Custom Network Configuration Needs

If your app requires integration into specific virtual networks with advanced network configurations, App Service Environment is the go-to solution.

Situations Dealing with IP Address Reassurance

For scenarios that necessitate static outbound IP addresses, App Service Environment can assign and communicate these addresses, ensuring consistent outbound traffic.

Typical Industry Use Cases

  • Finance: Ideal for financial institutions that require FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standard) and PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) compliance.
  • Military and Aerospace: Suitable for dealing with highly sensitive defense and aerospace data.
  • Healthcare: Perfect for meeting regulatory requirements established by HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).

Code Example: Azure App Service Environment

Here is the C# code:

Create an App Service Plan:

var plan = azure.AppServices.AppServicePlans.Define("MyDedicatedPlan")
            .WithExistingResourceGroup("myResourceGroup")
            .WithPricingTier(SkuDescription.PremiumP1)
            .WithPerSiteScaling(false)
            .WithCapacity(2)
            .Create();

Create the App Service Environment:

var ase = azure.AppServices.AppServiceEnvironments.Define("MySecureASE")
           .WithExistingResourceGroup("myResourceGroup")
           .WithSubnet("mySubnet")
           .Create();

Once created, deploy your app to the App Service Environment:

var webApp = azure.WebApps
             .Define("MySecureApp")
             .WithExistingAppServicePlan(plan)
             .WithExistingResourceGroup("myResourceGroup")
             .WithContainerImage("myDockerImage")
             .Create();

8. What is the Azure Service Level Agreement (SLA) and how does it impact application design?

The Azure Service Level Agreement (SLA) serves to ensure customer satisfaction by guaranteeing uptime for different Azure services. For your application to comply with these standards, it's crucial to understand what the agreement entails and how it influences your app's architecture.

Key Azure SLA Components

Types of SLAs

  1. Monthly Uptime Percentage: Each service has an associated monthly uptime percentage, indicating the guaranteed uptime for that given month. It's calculated by dividing the total minutes in a month by the minutes of downtime. The result is represented as a percentage.

  2. Service Credits: Azure offers service credits for underperformance, ensuring financial compensation if uptime isn't met.

Service Types

  • Single SLA: All the services within a category have the same level of uptime guarantee. For instance, the "Core" category has a 99.99% uptime guarantee.

  • Multiple SLA Tiers: Some services within a category offer different uptime guarantees. For example, within the "App Service" category, the services are divided into two tiers with different guarantee levels: Free and Shared has a 99.95% uptime guarantee, while Basic, Standard, and Premium have a 99.9% guarantee.

  • No SLA: Some services don't have a defined SLA.

Application Design Considerations

Your application's design should align with the SLA guarantees to ensure high availability and performance.

1. Redundancy & Distributed Data

Benefit: Minimizes downtime risks. Strategy: Use Azure's geo-redundant storage or instance replication.

2. Regional Deployment

Benefit: Minimizes latency in different geographic regions. Strategy: Deploy app instances in different regions.

3. Load Balancing

Benefit: Optimizes resource usage and ensures high availability. Strategy: Use Azure's Traffic Manager or Load Balancer.

4. Auto-Scaling

Benefit: Adapts to traffic fluctuations for consistent user experience. Strategy: Set up auto-scaling for your app service or VMs.

5. Service Health Monitoring

Benefit: Real-time insights for rapid issue resolution. Strategy: Leverage Azure Monitor and Application Insights.

6. Data Backups & Recovery

Benefit: Protect essential data. Strategy: Use Azure Backup or managed database services.

7. Fault Tolerance

Benefit: Ensures service reliability. Strategy: Employ fault-tolerant solutions such as Azure Functions for serverless apps.

9. Describe the difference between Azure Classic and Azure Resource Manager deployment models.

The Azure Classic approach and the Azure Resource Manager (ARM) embody distinctive deployment models. While Classic provides a traditional, 1st-gen option, ARM offers a more modern and versatile framework.

Developed as an evolution from Azure Classic, ARM introduces various efficiencies and capabilities.

Key Differences

Architecture

  • Classic: Adheres to a more "flat" model where resources are managed separately. While this design predates ARM, it's known for its linear structure.
  • ARM: Offers a more organized "container-based" layout. It delineates logical groupings, promoting a hierarchical setup.

Management & Access

  • Classic: Focuses on individual resources and their configuration, often needing direct access to these elements for changes.
  • ARM: Empowers users to apply bulk configuration and even role-based access control (RBAC) through resource groups, sharing settings across group members.

Lifecycle & Deployment

  • Classic: Typically relies on command-line tools like Azure PowerShell for resource deployment and management.
  • ARM: Uses declarative JSON template files for resource deployment, defining the entire environment in one document.

Resilience and Versioning

  • Classic: Lacks built-in resilience mechanisms. Upgrades might be challenging, especially in production settings.
  • ARM: Offers a resilient platform with built-in versioning for resources and deployments. Rollbacks, a must for production, are better supported.

Networking

  • Classic: Requires manual networking and inter-resource connections.
  • ARM: Simplifies network configurations using virtual networks and subnets within a resource group.

Best Practice Adherence

  • Classic: Offers fewer built-in best practices and perhaps could make it harder for developers to achieve operational excellence.
  • ARM: Integrates stringent governance protocols. Through Azure Policy and initiatives, it's more effective at upholding adherence.

Cost Management

  • Classic: Focuses resource billing individually, potentially making tracking complex when resources overlap across environments.
  • ARM: Enhances cost management through resource group billing. Grouped resources are invoiced together, meaning less buildup of billing complexities.

10. Explain the concept of Azure Resource Groups.

Azure Resource Groups serve as logical containers to manage and deploy resources such as web apps, databases, virtual machines, and more.

Key Features

  1. Grouping: Resources for a specific application or environment are kept together.
  2. Tagging: Simplifies tracking and billing by associating metadata with resources.
  3. Authorization: Access control is applied at the resource group level.
  4. Resource Lifecycle: Provisioned resources can be managed as a single unit.

Benefits of Using Resource Groups

  • Organization and Management: Offers a level of abstraction, simplifying resource management, like security permissions and resource tagging.
  • Resource Deployment: Allows for simultaneous deployment of related resources. Also, removing a resource group ensures termination of all resources within it.
  • Cost Efficiency and Reporting: Resources in a group are billed as a unit. Tags can be used for cost reporting.
  • Monitoring: Unified monitoring of all resources in a group is facilitated.
  • Automation: Resources within a group can be managed together using Azure Automation.

Considerations When Working With Resource Groups

  • Scalability: A resource group is limited to 800 resources, and this limit can vary based on subscription and resource types.
  • Azure Services Exclusion: Not all resources are applicable to Resource Groups. For instance, Azure AD resources are outside their scope.

Best Practices

  • Lifecycle Management: Use resource groups to group resources with similar lifecycles.
  • Tags for Organization: Leverage tags for better resource management.
  • Resource Sharing: Deploy resources necessary for sharing or with dependencies in the same group.

11. When should you choose Azure Functions over Azure App Service?

Let's review the scenarios best suited for Azure Functions and Azure App Service.

Use Cases

Azure Functions

  • Event-Driven Processes: Ideal for lightweight, event-triggered operations such as file manipulation, database updates, or external API calls.

  • Microservices: Suitable for small, specialized functions in microservice architectures.

  • Infrequent Tasks: Cost-effective for sporadic workloads or tasks that operate on intervals.

  • Quick Prototyping: Provides a low-cost, straightforward setup for early development and proof-of-concept projects.

  • Managed Services Integration: Well-suited for integrating with managed services like Azure Event Hubs, Service Bus, and Blob Storage.

Azure App Service

  • Web Applications: Perfect for hosting standard web applications, REST APIs, or web jobs.

  • Continuous Workflows: Suitable for tasks that run continuously, handle HTTP requests, or operate on a regular schedule using CRON expressions.

  • Full Customization: Offers more flexibility for the complete life cycle management of apps, making it easier to use additional frameworks and libraries.

  • Scale on Demand: Better infrastructure for applications that require consistent or scalable performance.

  • Non-HTTP Workflows: Allows running not just HTTP-triggered tasks, but also additional types of workloads.

Cost Considerations

  • Azure Functions: Charges are based on the number of executions, execution time, and resource consumption. This model makes it cost-effective for infrequent or low-throughput tasks by providing an allocation for a designated number of free monthly executions.

  • Azure App Service: This model charges based on the chosen pricing tier, which can be a more cost-efficient option for consistently high-throughput applications. The "Serverless" pricing tier is similar to Azure Functions but optimized for web applications.


12. Describe how you would scale an Azure Virtual Machine.

You can scale Azure Virtual Machines primarily by adjusting virtual machine sizes and types or by using Virtual Machine Scale Sets.

1. Choices for Scaling:

  • Vertical Scaling:

    • Advantages: Good for I/O-bound tasks and allows for better single-thread performance.
    • Disadvantages: Limited by the maximum VM size.
    • Use-Cases: Apps that benefit from faster CPUs and more RAM.
    • Implementation: Re-deploy the VM on a larger size. For Windows VMs, shutdown the VM using the Azure portal before changing the size.
  • Horizontal Scaling:

    • Advantages: Scales to accommodate increased load and improves overall system performance.
    • Disadvantages: Some applications are not easily scalable across multiple instances.
    • Use-Cases: Web applications, multi-tier apps, worker tasks with high CPU workload, and more.
    • Implementation: Use Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets.

2. VM Sizes:

  • General Purpose: Balanced CPU-to-memory ratio. Compute optimized VM's offer high CPU-to-memory ratio.

  • Memory Optimized: Ideal for memory-intensive applications.

  • Storage Optimized: Best suited for applications demanding high disk throughput.

  • GPU-Enabled: Perfect for graphics rendering or deep learning tasks.

3. VM Disk Scalability:

  • Operating System Disks: Azure's default storage offering is termed Hard Disk Drive (HDD). You can opt for Solid State Drive (SSD) if your VM size supports it.
  • Data Disks: Can be scaled to keep up with your storage needs.

4. Autoscaling Techniques:

  • Azure Monitor and Alerts: Set up criteria, like CPU or RAM usage, to trigger the scaling process.
  • Time-Based Scaling: Adjust scale settings at specific times. For instance, increase capacity during business hours.

5. VM Scale Set:

  • Advantages: Simplifies the management of multiple VMs. It can load balance VMs and ensures high availability.
  • Disadvantages: Limited to a specific set of VM configurations. VMSs in a scale set must all be located and deployed across the same regions.
  • Use-Cases: Perfect for multi-tier apps, microservices, and more.

Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets

Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets let you deploy and manage a set of identical, auto-scaling VMs. The number of VM instances can automatically increase or decrease in response to demand or a defined schedule.

Load Balancing

Azure VM Scale Sets can be load balanced via Azure Load Balancer or Azure Application Gateway.

Azure Load Balancer

  • Offers Layer 4 (Transport Layer) load balancing
  • Distributes incoming network traffic across multiple VM instances within a scale set
  • Automates health monitoring and distributes traffic accordingly

Azure Application Gateway

  • Provides Layer 7 (Application Layer) load balancing
  • Ideal for HTTP or HTTPS traffic, offering features like SSL termination, cookie-based session affinity, and URL path-based routing

Autoscale

Azure Monitor and Azure Autoscale enable you to configure autoscaling based on various metrics and/or a schedule. Auto-scale can be set up to trigger based on CPU usage, memory availability, or custom metrics.

13. What are the different types of Azure Virtual Machines available and how do you choose one?

Azure Virtual Machines cater to a wide range of needs, from small-scale applications to clustered enterprise solutions. Understanding the different offerings and their respective configurations is crucial for making informed choices.

Types of Virtual Machines

Azure Virtual Machines come in several families, each optimized for specific workloads.

General Purpose

  • Advantages: Ideal for diverse workloads. They deliver a balanced CPU-to-memory ratio and often support memory-intensive apps with increased options for memory sizes.
  • Usages: Development, test, and production.

Compute-Optimized

  • Advantages: These VMs provide a high-performance core-to-memory ratio, making them suitable for compute-intensive applications that benefit from high CPU-to-memory configurations.
  • Use Cases: Analytics, gaming, and media processing.

Memory-Optimized

  • Advantages: General-purpose and memory-intensive applications are supported. These VMs feature high memory-to-core ratios, offering significant memory resources relative to CPU.
  • Usages: SAP HANA, SQL Hekaton, and other data-intensive applications.

Storage-Optimized

  • Advantages: Designed for apps that demand high throughput and low-latency storage for large datasets. Great for Big Data, NoSQL databases, and similar scenarios.
  • Usages: MongoDB, Cassandra, and other heavy I/O applications.

Considerations When Choosing a VM

Workload Requirements

  • CPU: Some loads might be CPU-heavy, while others require more balanced CPU-to-memory ratios.
  • Memory: Databases often need a lot of memory, while others need less. Different RAM sizes might be necessary.
  • Disk: Certain loads may necessitate larger or more performant disks.

Budget Restriction

Virtual Machine costs vary depending on the chosen size and configuration. It's essential to strike a balance between sufficient resources and staying within budget.

Scalability and Growth

The chosen VM should accommodate not just the current workload but also future expansions.

Performance Monitoring

Leverage Azure Monitor to keep an eye on the VM’s CPU, memory, disk, and network performance. This can help adjust the VM type if required.

Selecting the VM Size

Azure provides detailed information on available VM sizes, including the number of CPU cores, memory capacity, and disk characteristics. Make use of this to find a suitable match.

Using the Azure Portal

  • Navigate to a specific VM in the Azure portal.
  • Click on "Size" under the "Settings" section to view and change the VM size.

Command-Line Interface (CLI)

# List available sizes for a VM
az vm list-sizes --location <location-name> --resource-group <resource-group-name> --name <vm-name>

PowerShell

# List available sizes for a VM
Get-AzureRmVMSize -Location <location-name> | Where-Object { $_.ResourceDiskSizeInMB -ge 60000 }

14. Explain the purpose of Azure Batch service.

The Azure Batch service is tailored for handling large-scale compute-intensive tasks. It orchestrates tasks across a dynamically-driven pool of compute nodes, providing the infrastructure to execute the tasks efficiently.

Key Service Components

  • Pools: These groups of VMs, defined by you or the Batch service, are used for task execution. You can either bring your VMs or let the service manage them.

  • Jobs: A job encapsulates a set of tasks, each of which can be scheduled independently.

  • Tasks: These represent the individual units of work to be executed. Azure Batch ensures their proper allocation and execution.

Core Capabilities of Azure Batch Service

  1. Dynamic Scaling: The Batch service automatically adjusts the size of your VM pool based on task demands. This makes it cost-effective as you don't need to pay for idle VMs.

  2. Application Management: Batch handles the deployment and lifecycle management of applications across the compute nodes.

  3. Task Scheduling: You can choose task dependencies and scheduling strategies to ensure optimal execution of your workload.

  4. Security and Compliance: The service integrates with various Azure security solutions to ensure compliance.

  5. Monitoring and Reporting: Batch provides detailed monitoring data, logs, and notifications, enabling you to track task progress and troubleshoot.

  6. Global Scale: With a presence across multiple Azure regions, the Batch service can execute tasks near your data or customers, reducing latency.

  7. Hybrid Deployments: You can integrate on-premises resources with Azure by running the Batch service in a virtual network.

Use Cases

  • Data Processing: Useful when handling large datasets or running data-intensive tasks like ETL processes.

  • Rendering: Ideal for tasks like frame rendering in animations, which are computationally intensive.

  • High-Performance Computing: Batch service can be used for compute-intensive tasks in physics simulations, weather forecasting, etc.

  • AI Model Training: It's efficient for training machine learning models at scale.

  • Financial Modeling: Useful for computationally demanding tasks such as Monte Carlo simulations in risk analysis.


15. How do you deploy a Docker container to Azure Container Instances?

Step-by-Step Deployment

  1. Create a Resource Group: Use the Azure CLI or the Azure portal to provision a new resource group.

  2. Deploy to ACI: Use the az container create command to deploy your container. This process includes uploading your Docker image to an Azure-managed registry.

  3. Access Logs: Use the az container logs command to view container stdout/stderr output.

Top 50 Azure Interview Questions and Answers : Updated 2024

 

1. What is cloud computing?

The delivery of on-demand computing services over the Internet, such as storage, virtual machines, networks, Internet of Things (IoT), databases, and software, is known as cloud computing.

2. Can you tell me which are the best cloud providers in the Market?

The short answer is that all of them are. Every cloud provider is going to have their own strengths, weaknesses, and areas where they excel, different services may be a better fit for your application depending on what you need out of it. However, AWS Amazon web services have the highest share in the cloud computing market after that Azure is the second largest shareholder of the cloud computing market, and GCP is also growing fast.

3. Why do we need cloud computing? / Benefits of Cloud computing.

  1. It is omnipresent, which means you can access cloud services from anywhere, even on your mobile device, you only need an internet connection.
  2. It is cheaper than the traditional computing method or on-prim as it requires operational expenditure, not a capital expenditure. The Cloud computing payment model is pay-as-you-go meaning pay what you use.Note: In some scenarios pay-as-you-go model doesn’t apply say when you are using dedicated hosts there is a hostlevel charge regardless of how many Azure virtual machines you run on it. 
  3. It is Flexible users can scale services according to their needs, customize applications, and access cloud services from anywhere they have an internet connection.
  4. Cloud infrastructure can Scale up and down on demand to support rapidly changing business needs.
  5. It is Fast users can get their applications to market more quickly by developing them in the cloud.
  6. Due to networked backups, cloud computing is data secure in the sense that hardware failures do not affect data loss.
  7. It is always up-to-date Cloud computing services are updated regularly to give users access to the most recent technology.
  8. Using cloud computing is more Productive since you don’t need to maintain infrastructure, allowing your IT staff to pursue business-related tasks.
  9. Cloud computing is Secure because it manages access and permissions to the resources and services it provides. Access to a certain file could be restricted to a particular group of users, for example.
  10. The cloud has made Collaboration easier with teams able to easily access, edit, and share real-time data.

4. What are the service models offered by Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing models may vary in terms of their service offerings. Such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), while others offer Platform as a Service (PaaS) or Software as a Service (SaaS).

  • At its most basic level, PaaS allows customers to focus on building software applications, which can then be deployed onto a shared hosting platform.
    Examples: Windows Azure Compute and App Service, Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine.
  • SaaS provides users with easy access to proprietary business apps without having to install or maintain these applications themselves.
    Examples: Microsoft Office 365, Google Apps, Gmail.
  • In IaaS-based solutions, customers are responsible for managing all system resources such as storage and networking infrastructure.
    Examples: Windows Azure Virtual Machines, Virtual Networks, Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine, etc.


5. What are the different deployment models of cloud computing?

When considering cloud deployment models, there are 3 major categories to keep in mind, ownership, scale, and access. When trying to identify what cloud deployment model you are using, you must ask who the cloud is managed by, who has access to it, and how you own it. These three models of cloud computing are :

  1. Public: Your cloud provider owns the infrastructure, and the servers are multi-subscriber servers.
  2. Private: It can be your own infrastructure, or your cloud provider can provide you with a service completely.
    Example: Hosting your website on a dedicated server or with a cloud provider.
  3. Hybrid: Hybrid Clouds combine both Public Clouds and Private Clouds.
    Example: if you could use your own servers for your confidential database on a private cloud, and your public cloud for your company’s public website.

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6. What is Microsoft Azure?

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing service offered by Microsoft for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers. It provides software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) through which users can deploy cloud-based applications.

7. What is a Resource Group?

A resource group is a logical container that holds related resources for an Azure solution. It is also a building block of all Azure solutions, containing one or more related services, such as web apps, storage accounts, databases, and much more. A resource group can be used to organize your services in a way that makes sense for your solution.

8. What is a Resource in Azure?

A resource is a virtual machine, web app, SQL database, or any other item that can be created or used through Microsoft’s Azure cloud service.

9. What is a Region in Azure?

Azure is a cloud computing platform, made available across different regions around the world. When you require a service, application, or virtual machine on Azure, you are first asked to specify a region. You select the region of the data center in which your application runs.

10. What is an Azure portal?

An Azure portal is a web-based application that can be used to add, modify, or remove Azure resources and services. It is located at Here.

11. What is an Azure Account?

Azure accounts are unique global entities that allow you to access Azure services and subscriptions. Multiple subscriptions can be created in your Azure account to create separation, for instance, for billing or management purposes.

12. What is an Azure Subscription?

Azure subscriptions can be thought of as a bundle you can buy with an entitlement to use and access resources from Azure. Similar to pre-paid SIM cards that allow you to use your phone while you buy it.

13. How can you get your Azure Subscription?

  • Enterprise agreement: allows customers to make a bulk purchase of subscriptions with an upfront financial commitment and use the services throughout the year.
  • Cloud resellers: Provide cloud services to medium- to large-sized businesses in a simple, flexible way.
  • Microsoft partners: They can set up your Azure cloud solution for you.
  • Individual Free Account: For a limited period of time, Microsoft offers free credits which can be used by companies and/or individuals to try out Microsoft’s services.

14. How many types of Azure Subscriptions are there?

  1. Free: Creating a free subscription with an email account and a credit card will give you 200$ credit for the first 30 days and one year of free limited access.
  2. Pay-As-You-Go: Charged based on how much Cloud resource you use.
  3. Enterprise: an Enterprise agreement is made for large-volume purchases of subscriptions, with discounts for new licenses and Software Assurance for enterprises.
  4. Student: Activating this subscription does not require a credit card, but verification of your status as a student is required.

15. What are the different ways to log in to an Azure subscription?

You can connect to an Azure subscription using Azure portal, Azure PowerShell, Base machine PowerShell, and Azure CLI.

16. What are the 3 pillars of Azure?

Cloud computing platforms are built on three pillars: computing, networking, and storage. Azure is no different. The infrastructure as a service offering from Azure is built on these three pillars, as is the platform as a service offering.

17.  What is an Azure virtual machine?

Azure Virtual machines are ready-made computers that are available due to Visualization.
18.   A virtual machine is just like any other physical computer, such as a laptop, smartphone, or server. The computer has a CPU, memory, and disks to store your files, as well as the ability to connect to the Internet.

18. How does an Azure Virtual Machine work?

Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based or virtual version of a computer, and, just like your actual computer, the new virtual computer requires the equivalent of processor power, storage, and memory in order to function. This can function as a separate computing environment often run to operate a different operating system or as the users’ sole computing experience, as is often the case for office computers. The virtual machine is separated from the rest of the system so that the software in the VM cannot affect the host computer’s primary operating system.

19. What are VMs used for?

  • Cloud-based apps can be built and deployed.
  • New operating systems (OS) can be tested.
  • Installing a new environment to help developers run development-test scenarios more easily and faster.
  • To make a backup of your existing operating system.

20. What categories of Azure VMs can be created?

  • General purpose: CPU-to-memory ratio is balanced. It is ideal for testing and development, small to medium databases, and web servers with low traffic.
  • Compute optimized: It has a high CPU-to-memory ratio. It is well suited for web servers with medium traffic, network appliances, batch processes, and application servers.
  • Memory-optimized: It has a high memory-to-core ratio. The best choice for relational database servers, large caches, and in-memory analytics.
  • Storage optimized: I/O and throughput on the disk are high. Great for NoSQL and Big Data databases.
  • GPU: A range of virtual machines for video editing and heavy graphics rendering.
  • High-performance compute Virtual machines with the fastest and most powerful processors, including high-throughput network interfaces.

21. What are B series / Burstable VMs in Azure?

“Burstable” VMs are ones where you can save up CPU cycles for later use. CPU cycles that are not in use by you are “banked” in a virtual account for you.

22. How many ways you can create an Azure VM?

  1. We can create an Azure VM using the Azure portal.
  2. We can create an Azure VM using an ARM template.
  3. We can also create an Azure VM with PowerShell.

23. What is the Stopped state of Azure VM?

You can issue a command in an Azure VM’s operating system to stop it from running. This will kick you out of the OS and stop all processes, but it will preserve any allocated hardware (including the IP addresses currently assigned). Once the VM is stopped, you’ll see the state listed as Stopped and you will still be charged by the hour for this instance.

24. What is Deallocated state of Azure VM?

Rather than halting the virtual machine from the operating system, it can be terminated from within Azure. When a VM is stopped through Azure, rather than through the OS, it will go into a Stopped (deallocated) state. Any dynamic IPs not reserved will be given up, but this also means you will no longer be paying for VM compute costs. ParkMyCloud is a good way to save money on Azure costs when your VMs are not needed and it sends them into this parked state.

Azure VM

25. What is Azure virtual network (VNet)?

An Azure virtual network (VNet) is a logical network used to create separate secure networks for your Azure resources. Within a VNet, you can deploy one or more subnets, using private IP addresses. You can then assign public IP addresses to specific instances in those subnets. Virtual machines deployed into a subnet without public IP addresses are automatically assigned a private IP address in addition to a dynamically created public IP address that can be assigned to any instance within that subnet.

26. What are the Components of Azure VNet?

Azure networking components are capable of providing companies with an array of features that can help them develop cloud applications that meet their needs.

Below is a list of the components of Azure Networking:

  1. Subnets
  2. Routing
  3. Network Security Groups

27. What is a Subnet?

Users can segment a virtual network into one or more sub-networks by using subnets. These sub-networks can be logically separated, and each subnet consists of a server.

28. What is NSG?

In order to simplify network security for a virtual network, Microsoft is releasing NSGs that allow administrators to filter and route network traffic easily. The network security group will let the administrators set up different rules, one inbound and one outbound, and any Azure virtual network can be added to it.

29. What is Azure Vnet peering?

Peering is a way to connect two virtual networks together over an IPsec VPN. Virtual Networks (VNets) in Azure are logically isolated from each other, and cross-premises connectivity can be achieved by setting up VPN connections. However, peering enables you to extend your on-premises network directly into Azure through your existing IPsec infrastructure.

30. What is the Azure resource manager template?

A JSON file defines one or more resources for deployment to a resource group. It is also used to identify dependencies among resources.

31. How can you do Automation in Azure?

Utilizing PowerShell or the Azure command-line interface (CLI), you can automate the process of creating, managing, and deleting resources in Azure.

32. What are Azure functions?

Functions in Azure are serverless compute services that let you execute event-triggered code without manually managing or provisioning infrastructure.

33. What are logic apps?

The Azure Logic Apps service integrates apps, data, systems, and services, automatically carrying out scheduled, automatic, and orchestrated tasks. Azure Logic Apps streamlines orders from one location to another, integrating on-premises and cloud-based systems.

34. What is Blog Storage?

Azure Blob storage is a type of cloud storage where unstructured data is stored as objects. Documents, media files, and application installers, among others, can be stored in binary or textual format.

35. What is Azure Queue Storage?

Storage in Azure Queue provides the capacity to store millions of incoming messages, and each message can have a maximum size of 64 KB.

36. What is Azure File  Storage?

You can migrate legacy applications to Azure File storage. Using file shares, it connects to Azure quickly and without costly rewrites.

37.  What is Azure Table storage?

 NoSQL data is stored in Azure Table storage as semi-structured data. With its schema-less design, it delivers a key/attribute store.

38. What are Azure storage tiers?

To store data in blob storage, Azure offers three storage tiers:

  1. Hot – Better for storing data that is frequently accessed.
  2. Cool – Data is stored for at least 30 days and is optimized for rarely accessed data
  3. Archive – Ideal for archiving data that is rarely accessed and should be stored for at least 180 days with a flexible latency requirement (in the order of hours).

Different tiers of storage offer cost-effective options for storing data at different stages of its lifecycle.

39. What is the difference between managed disk and an unmanaged disk?

Managed Disks:

Disks that are managed by Microsoft Azure don’t require a storage account to be created. Since Azure manages the storage account, you do not have complete control over the disks created.

Unmanaged Disks:

An unmanaged disk is something that requires you to create a storage account before creating a new one. You have full control over all the data that is stored on your storage account since it is created and owned by you. Additionally, you yourself will have to take care of encryption, data recovery plans, etc.

40. What is Azure CDN?

Using the Azure Content Delivery Network will reduce load times, bandwidth, and responsiveness. Whether you are a developer, webmaster, game developer, mobile app creator, media broadcaster, firmware engineer, or building IoT systems, Azure Content Delivery Network is the ideal resource.

41. What is Azure SQL Database?

Microsoft Azure SQL Database is a reliable and secure relational database that offers higher performance and requires less time and less cost for management.

42. What is Azure Firewall?

Network firewalls are fundamental to securing a company’s data. Similar to local area network (LAN) firewalls, cloud-based firewalls in Microsoft Azure inspect the traffic based on access control rules defined by administrators. Unlike traditional firewalls, which often serve as both network perimeter security devices and virtual private network (VPN) termination points, Microsoft Azure Firewall provides role-based access control for ports and services based on your subscription level.

43. What is Azure Data Lake?

Microsoft Azure Data Lake is a public cloud-based service that houses many Microsoft Azure products and services. Azure Data Lake is designed to accommodate big data analytics. Dropbox offers unlimited storage for structured, semi-structured, or unstructured data. It can be used to store any type of data in any amount.

44. What do you mean by Azure Data Factory?

Data Factory in Azure is a data integration system that lets users transfer data between on-premises and cloud systems and establish scheduled data flows.

45. What is Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)?

More easily deploy and manage containerized applications with a fully managed Kubernetes service. Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) provides serverless Kubernetes, an integrated continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) experience, and enterprise-grade security and governance.

46. What are Azure Containers?

Containers can run batch jobs with a consistent environment and dependencies in order to free up the machines to efficiently handle the ingestion of data, processing, and storage. Dynamic compute options, such as Azure Container Instances (ACI), offer easy scaling for such data processing projects.

47. What is Docket in Azure?

Docker is a modern software containerization platform for creating, managing, and deploying applications. Containers provide an isolated, virtualized runtime environment for applications where it’s easy to create, deploy, and run multiple applications side-by-side on a single physical server or VM. Each container shares a single OS kernel with other containers.

48. What do you know about Azure DevOps?

DevOps is a development practice that focuses on communication, collaboration, integration, and automation between software developers and information technology (IT) professionals. The goal of DevOps is to produce high-quality products quickly while maintaining high-quality systems. Automation helps to reduce errors in these complex environments by ensuring that code and infrastructure meet quality standards before release. DevOps usually involves many IT professionals, developers, and project managers across an organization.

49. What is Azure IoT?

The Azure Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of Azure cloud services that connect, monitor and control billions of IoT assets. In simpler terms, an IoT solution is made up of one or more IoT devices and one or more back-end services running in the cloud.

50. What are Azure IoT Edge modules?

IoT Edge modules are essentially containerized packages that contain Azure services, third-party services, or even custom code that will run on an IoT Edge device and will essentially function locally on the device. The IoT Edge runtime can be found on each IoT Edge-enabled device and manages the modules installed on each device.