1. What is Linux?
Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that acts as an interface between the hardware and user applications.
2. What is the root account in Linux?
The root account is the superuser account with administrative privileges that has control over all aspects of the system.
3. How do you change permissions in Linux?
The chmod command is used to change file permissions. For example, chmod 755 filename grants read, write, and execute permissions to the owner and read and execute permissions to others.
4. What is the purpose of the 'ls' command?
The ls command is used to list files and directories in a directory.
5. How do you search for a specific string in a file?
The grep command is used to search for a specific string in a file. For example, grep "pattern" filename.
6. Explain the difference between a process and a thread.
A process is an independent program with its own memory space, while a thread is a lightweight unit within a process that shares the same memory space.
7. How do you find out the IP address of a Linux system?
The ifconfig command can be used to find the IP address of a Linux system.
8. What is the purpose of the 'ps' command?
The ps command is used to display information about currently running processes.
9. How can you kill a process in Linux?
The kill command can be used to terminate a process. For example, kill PID where PID is the process ID.
10. Explain the role of the 'init' process.
The init process is the first process started by the Linux kernel during boot-up. It initializes the system and starts other processes.
11. What is the purpose of the 'df' command?
The df command displays information about the disk space usage of filesystems.
12. How do you archive files using the 'tar' command?
The tar command is used to create or extract archives. For example, to create an archive: tar -cvf archive.tar files.
13. What is a symbolic link in Linux?
A symbolic link, also known as a symlink, is a reference to another file or directory in the filesystem.
14. Explain the significance of the '/etc/passwd' file.
The /etc/passwd file stores user account information, including usernames, user IDs, home directories, and default shells.
15. How do you check the memory usage of a Linux system?
The free command displays information about the system's memory usage.
16. What is a shell in Linux? A shell is a command-line interface that allows users to interact with the operating system.
17. How do you change the default shell for a user?
The chsh command is used to change the default shell for a user. For example, chsh -s /bin/bash username.
18. Explain the use of the 'find' command.
The find command is used to search for files and directories based on various criteria.
19. What is SSH? How do you use it to connect to a remote server?
SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic network protocol for secure remote access. To connect to a remote server: ssh username@hostname.
20. How can you check the status of a service in Linux?
The systemctl command is used to manage services. For example, to check the status of a service: systemctl status service_name.
21. Explain the purpose of the '/etc/fstab' file.
The /etc/fstab file is used to configure filesystems and partitions to be mounted at boot time.
22. How do you add a new user in Linux?
The useradd command is used to add a new user. For example, useradd newusername.
23. What is the purpose of the 'grep' command?
The grep command is used to search for specific patterns within text files.
24. How do you check the available disk space on a Linux system?
The df command is used to display information about filesystem disk space usage.
25. Explain the difference between soft links and hard links.
A soft link (symbolic link) is a reference to a file or directory by name. A hard link is a reference to the inode of a file, creating multiple directory entries for the same data.
26. How can you change file permissions in numeric mode?
In numeric mode, file permissions are represented as a three-digit number. For example, chmod 644 filename grants read and write permissions to the owner and read permissions to others.
27. What is the purpose of the 'crontab' command?
The crontab command is used to create, edit, or manage cron jobs, which are scheduled tasks that run at specified intervals.
28. How do you change the hostname of a Linux system?
To change the hostname temporarily, you can use the hostname command. To change it permanently, modify the /etc/hostname file.
29. Explain the use of the 'du' command.
The du command is used to estimate the space usage of directories and files.
30. What is a package manager in Linux?
A package manager is a tool that helps users install, update, and manage software packages.
31. How do you install software in Debian-based distributions?
In Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu, you can use the apt package manager. For example, sudo apt-get install package_name.
32. What is the purpose of the 'top' command?
The top command displays real-time information about running processes and system resource usage.
33. How do you kill a process that is not responding?
You can use the kill command with the -9 option to forcefully terminate a process. For example, kill -9 PID.
34. Explain the role of the 'cron' daemon.
The cron daemon is responsible for executing scheduled tasks (cron jobs) at specified times.
35. How do you list the contents of a directory in long format?
The ls command with the -l option displays the contents of a directory in long format, showing detailed information about files and directories.
36. What is the purpose of the 'umask' command?
The umask command sets the default permissions for newly created files and directories.
37. How can you find out the size of a directory?
You can use the du command with the -h option to display the size of a directory in a human-readable format.
38. What is the purpose of the 'mount' command?
The mount command is used to attach a filesystem to a specific directory, making its contents accessible.
39. How do you create a backup of a directory in Linux?
The tar command is commonly used to create backups. For example, to create a backup: tar -cvzf backup.tar.gz directory.
40. Explain the use of the 'sed' command.
The sed command is used for text stream processing, such as finding and replacing text within files.
41. How can you check the network connectivity using the 'ping' command?
The ping command sends ICMP echo requests to a host to check if it's reachable. For example, ping hostname.
42. What is the purpose of the 'usermod' command?
The usermod command is used to modify user account properties, such as username, group, and home directory.
43. How do you display the last few lines of a file using the 'tail' command?
The tail command displays the last few lines of a file. For example, tail -n 10 filename displays the last 10 lines.
44. Explain the use of the 'rsync' command.
The rsync command is used for efficient file synchronization and transfer between systems.
45. What is the role of the 'swap space' in Linux?
Swap space is a portion of the disk used as virtual memory when physical memory (RAM) is fully utilized.
46. How can you check the system's uptime using the 'uptime' command?
The uptime command displays the system's uptime, load average, and number of logged-in users.
47. What is the purpose of the 'chown' command?
The chown command is used to change the ownership of files and directories. For example, chown newowner filename.
48. How do you create an archive with compression using the 'tar' command?
You can use the tar command with compression options. For example, tar -cvzf archive.tar.gz files.
49. Explain the use of the 'ln' command.
The ln command is used to create hard or symbolic links between files.
50. How do you find information about a command using the 'man' command?
The man command displays the manual pages for a given command. For example, man ls shows the manual for the 'ls' command.
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