IAM in AWS

 

Identity and Access Management (IAM) in Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Identity and Access Management (IAM) manages Amazon Web Services (AWS) users and their access to AWS accounts and services. It controls the level of access a user can have over an AWS account & set users, grant permission, and allows a user to use different features of an AWS account. Identity and access management is mainly used to manage users, groups, roles, and Access policies The account we created to sign in to Amazon web services is known as the root account and it holds all the administrative rights and has access to all parts of the account. The new user created an AWS account, by default they have no access to any services in the account & it is done with the help of IAM that the root account holder can implement access policies and grant permission to the user to access certain services. 

How IAM Works?

IAM verifies that a user or service has the necessary authorization to access a particular service in the AWS cloud. We can also use IAM to grant the right level of access to specific users, groups, or services. For example, we can use IAM to enable an EC2 instance to access S3 buckets by requesting fine-grained permissions. 

 

What Does IAM Do?

With the help of IAM, we perform the following 

IAM Identities

IAM Identities assists us in controlling which users can access which services and resources in the AWS Console and also we can assign policies to the users, groups, and roles. The IAM Identities can be created by using the Root user 

IAM Identities Classified As

1. IAM Users
2. IAM Groups
3. IAM Roles

Root user 

The root user will automatically be created and granted unrestricted rights. We can create an admin user with fewer powers to control the entire Amazon account.

IAM Users

We can utilize IAM users to access the AWS Console and their administrative permissions differ from those of the Root user and if we can keep track of their login information.

Example

With the aid of IAM users, we can accomplish our goal of giving a specific person access to every service available in the Amazon dashboard with only a limited set of permissions, such as read-only access. Let’s say user-1 is a user that I want to have read-only access to the EC2 instance and no additional permissions, such as create, delete, or update. By creating an IAM user and attaching user-1 to that IAM user, we may allow the user access to the EC2 instance with the required permissions.

IAM Groups

A group is a collection of users, and a single person can be a member of several groups. With the aid of groups, we can manage permissions for many users quickly and efficiently.

Example

Consider two users named user-1 and user-2. If we want to grant user-1 specific permissions, such as the ability to delete, create, and update the auto-calling group only, and if we want to grant user-2 all the necessary permissions to maintain the auto-scaling group as well as the ability to maintain EC2, we can create groups and add this user to them. If a new user is added, we can add that user to the required group with the necessary permissions.

IAM Roles

While policies cannot be directly given to any of the services accessible through the Amazon dashboard, IAM roles are similar to IAM users in that they may be assumed by anybody who requires them. By using roles, we can provide AWS Services access rights to other AWS Services.

Example

Consider Amazon EKS. In order to maintain an autoscaling group, AWS eks needs access to EC2 instances. Since we can’t attach policies directly to the eks in this situation, we must build a role and then attach the necessary policies to that specific role and attach that particular role to EKS. 

IAM Policies 

IAM Policies can manage access for AWS by attaching them to the IAM Identities or resources IAM policies defines permissions of AWS identities and AWS resources when a user or any resource makes a request to AWS will validate these policies and confirms whether the request to be allowed or to be denied. AWS policies are stored in the form of Jason format the number of policies to be attached to particular IAM identities depends upon no.of permissions required for one IAM identity. IAM identity can have multiple policies attached to them.  

IAM Features

Shared Access to your Account: A team working on a project can easily share resources with the help of the shared access feature.

• Free of cost: IAM feature of the Aws account is free to use & charges are added only when you access other Amazon web services using IAM users.
• Have Centralized control over your Aws account: Any new creation of users, groups, or any form of cancellation that takes place in the Aws account is controlled by you, and you have control over what & how data can be accessed by the user.
• Grant permission to the user: As the root account holds administrative rights, the user will be granted permission to access certain services by IAM.
• Multifactor Authentication: Additional layer of security is implemented on your account by a third party, a six-digit number that you have to put along with your password when you log into your accounts.

IAM in AWS

 

                                   

                    SAML Authentication

SAML is an XML based framework that stands for Security Assertion Markup Language. Let us see how SAML is used to enable SSO (Single-Sign-On). SSO is a term used for a type of login method where a company configures all of its web apps in such a way that the user can log in to all of these apps by just signing in once.

Example – When one logs in on gmail.com, they can visit YouTube, Google Drive, and other Google services without having to sign in to each service separately.

The SAML authentication flow is based on two entities –

1. Service Providers (SP) – The SP receives the authentication from the IdP and grants the authorisation to the user.
2. Identity Providers (IdP) – The IdP authenticates a user and sends their credentials along with their access rights for the service to the SP.

In the example given above, SP will be Gmail and IdP will be Google. SAML enables SSO, and as it is explained above, a user can log in once and the same credentials will be used to log into other SPs.


SAML Authentication Workflow –

1. A user tries to log in to Gmail.
2. Gmail generates a SAML request.
3. The SAML request is sent to Google by the browser, which parses this request, authenticates the user and creates a SAML response. This SAML response is encoded and sent back to the browser.
4. The browser sends this SAML response back to Gmail for verification.
5. If the user is successfully verified, they are logged in to Gmail.

SAML Request –

Some of the important terms in the SAML request are defined below –

1. ID – Identifier for a particular SAML request.
2. Issuer – The name of the service provider (SP).
3. NameID – The username/email address or phone number which is used to identify a user.
4. AssertionConsumerServiceURL – The SAML URL interface of the SP where the IP sends the auth token.

SAML Response –

A SAML response consists of two parts –

1. Assertion –
   It is an XML document that has the details of the user. This contains the timestamp of the user login event and the method of authentication used (eg. 2 Factor Authentication, Kerberos, etc.)
2. Signature –
   It is a Base64 encoded string which protects the integrity of the assertion. (If an attacker tries to change the username in the assertion to the victim’s username, the signature will prevent the hacker from logging in as the user).

Key Generation –

The Identity Provider (IdP) generates a private key and a public key. It signs the assertion with the private key. The public key is shared with the Service Provider (SP) which uses it to verify the SAML response and then log the user in.


SAML Vulnerabilities Exploited by Hackers –

1. Signature not checked –
   If someone is able to change the name id (username) in the SAML response and log in as someone else due to the lack of a signature checking process.
2. Signature only checked when it exists –
   If someone changes the name id value and removes the signature before the response is received by the browser and is still able to log in as the victim.
3. Comment Injection –
   A user can be registered with an XML comment in the username as follows –

   email: prerit<!--notprerit-->@test.com

   While processing the SAML response, the SP will ignore the comment and log us in as the victim. The entire SAML response can be intercepted by using a proxy like a burp suite. Note that it has to be decoded first by the URL format and then by the Base64 format in order to be viewed.

4. SAML Replay –
   The attacker captures the SAML response and uses it multiple times to log in as the victim.

IAM in AWS

 

        Identity and Access Management

In a recent study by Verizon, 63% of the confirmed data breaches are due to either weak, stolen, or default passwords used. There is a saying in the cybersecurity world that goes like this “No matter how good your chain is it’s only as strong as your weakest link.” and exactly hackers use the weakest links in the organization to infiltrate. They usually use phishing attacks to infiltrate an organization and if they get at least one person to fall for it, it’s a serious turn of events from thereon. They use the stolen credentials to plant back doors, install malware or exfiltrate confidential data, all of which will cause serious losses for an organization. And so Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a combination of policies and technologies that allows organizations to identify users and provide the right form of access as and when required. There has been a burst in the market with new applications, and the requirement for an organization to use these applications has increased drastically. The services and resources you want to access can be specified in IAM. IAM doesn’t provide any replica or backup.  IAM can be used for many purposes such as, if one want’s to control access of individual and group access for your AWS resources. With IAM policies, managing permissions to your workforce and systems to ensure least-privilege permissions becomes easier. The AWS IAM is a global service.

Components of IAM

• Users
• Roles
• Groups
• Policies

 With these new applications being created over the cloud, mobile and on-premise can hold sensitive and regulated information. It’s no longer acceptable and feasible to just create an Identity server and provide access based on the requests. In current times an organization should be able to track the flow of information and provide least privileged access as and when required, obviously with a large workforce and new applications being added every day it becomes quite difficult to do the same. So organizations specifically concentrate on managing identity and its access with the help of a few IAM tools. It’s quite obvious that it is very difficult for a single tool to manage everything but there are multiple IAM tools in the market that help the organizations with any of the few services given below. 

Services By IAM 

• Identity management
• Access management
• Federation
• RBAC/EM
• Multi-Factor authentication
• Access governance
• Customer IAM
• API Security
• IDaaS – Identity as a service
• Granular permissions
• Privileged Identity management – PIM (PAM or PIM is the same)

Figure – Services under IAM

More About the Services: Looking into the services on brief, Identity management is purely responsible for managing the identity lifecycle. Access management is responsible for the access to the resources, access governance is responsible for access request grant and audits. PIM or PAM is responsible for managing all the privileged access to the resources. The remaining services either help these services or help in increasing the productivity of these services. 

Market for IAM: Current situation of the market, there are three market leaders (Okta, SailPoint and Cyberark) who master one of the three domains (Identity Management, Identity Governance and Privilege access management), according to Gartner and Forrester reports. These companies have developed solutions and are still developing new solutions that allow an organization to manage identity and its access securely without any hindrances in the workflow. There are other IAM tools, Beyond Trust, Ping, One login, Centrify, Azure Active Directory, Oracle Identity Cloud Services and many more.

How do I install Docker on Ubuntu?

 Docker is an incredibly popular and fairly easy to use containerization platform. it makes it easy to replicate applications across multiple servers and create separate server environments for an application within a single server.

If you’re wondering how to install Docker on Ubuntu, you’re in the right place. In this article, we’ll tackle how to install Docker on Ubuntu using a ServerMania Cloud or Dedicated Server.

See Also: When To use Docker

What is Docker?

Docker is a software tool which enables you to create and deploy standalone containers which contain a specific element of a software project. For example, you may deploy an apache container, a MySQL container, and a PureFTP container in order to create a simple web server. Each Docker container receives its own CPU, memory, block I/O, and network resources in order to segment the server between applications.

What are the Docker system requirements?

The Docker system requirements are Linux Ubuntu as the OS (other operating systems are supported as well), an absolute minimum 512MB RAM (2GB recommended)

In order to install docker Ubuntu, you will need to meet the following requirements:

• OS: Linux Ubuntu
• Memory: 512MB RAM (2GB Recommended)
• Disk: Sufficient amount to run the Docker containers you wish to use
• CPU: Dependant on the applications you wish to run in the containers

See Also: Ubuntu System Requirements

Selecting A Server to Run Docker

Docker can be easily deployed on a ServerMania Cloud or Dedicated Server starting at as little as $5 per month, with hourly billing available. Cloud servers are instantly deployed, so you can install and begin using Docker in minutes.

How to install Docker on Ubuntu

Following these instructions to install Docker on Ubuntu:

 

Step 1: Update the Repository

Run this command to update the apt repository and install the required components for Docker:

apt-get update

Install the required dependencies for Docker:

apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg-agent software-properties-common

Step 2: Add the Docker CPG Key

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add –

Step 3: Add the Docker Repository

add-apt-repository “deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable”

Step 4: install Docker Engine

The following command will download Docker and install it:

apt-get updateapt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

Enter Y to proceed with the installation:

Step 5: Verify Setup

docker run hello-world

The following screen will appear upon a successful installation of Docker:

Next Steps

Now that Docker is installed, you can begin deploying Docker containers.If you need a server to run Docker containers

What is Docker Container? Uses and Benefits

 or software engineers, Docker is one of the most viable options to run servers on a virtual machine to make good coding progress. Yes, Docker is container based, but Docker is not only a container. Think of Docker as a virtual machine to be uploaded to a live server.

This technological giant has been transforming internet application-building processes and will continue to do so. Among the many benefits, we will get enhanced speed, reliability, and efficiency. With Docker, we can bundle and move multiple containers that contain our apps into smaller components.

Despite overlapping features with other containers, it is playing a unique role with tech experts today – including transforming servers and virtual machines and benefiting from the architecture workup of your entire system. Take a look at the comparison between Docker vs Kubernetes.

Here we will touch on how Docker functions –  including when to use Docker. We will also look at the features and benefits of using Docker and what kinds of severs it works with.

What is Docker Container?

Docker was initially released in 2012, and while it has taken the DevOps world by storm innovatively, it still has some competition in deploying new software. What is a docker container, how does this virtual machine work, and how can software and tech companies leverage this technology?

The Docker Container is a lightweight, standalone, and executable package that contains everything you need to run a web application – including code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings. 

It is built from a Docker Image, a read-only template that defines the application’s environment. Docker Container provides a consistent and reliable way to package and deploy web applications across different environments – like development, app testing, and production- without worrying about dependencies or configurations.

Compared to a Virtual Machine, Docker Container is much lighter and more efficient, as it shares the same host operating system kernel and only isolates the application’s processes and resources. This container is faster to start, stop, and scale and requires less storage and memory resources. 

Docker offers more flexibility and portability than a virtual machine, as it can run on any host platform that supports Docker, regardless of the underlying hardware or operating system. 

Benefits of Containers

1. Docker Containers allow you to run multiple applications in isolation
2. They are lightweight and do not need a whole operating system.
3. All Docker Containers share the same operating system of the host machine, which means you need to license, patch, and monitor a single operating system.
4. When the Docker Container is lightweight, it can start up quickly.
5. Docker Containers need fewer hardware resources. They do not need specific CPU cores, RAMs, or storage. The host can run hundreds of Docker containers side-by-side.

Docker Container is comprised of multiple instances of several components working together to provide a seamless containerization experience:

1. Docker Image

Coming from the template or builder angle, the Docker image is a template that contains the application’s code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings. It is the basis for creating Docker Container and can be shared and reused across different environments. Think of Docker Image as the blueprint of your Docker Container Image. It helps the user understand how the container functions and is built using a Dockerfile.

Dockerfile specifies the base image using the dependencies and the system libraries to install and any other configurations needed to run the application.

Once Docker Image has been created, you can store it in a registry – like the private registry. The registry is a repository for storing and sharing Docker images. You can use a registry to manage your container images and share them with others.

You can pull a Docker image from a registry onto your local drive by running

docker pull

Next step is to create a container using

docker run

You can customize the container by passing additional configuration parameters to the docker run command. We have created a guide on how to use docker.

2. Docker Registry 

Docker Registry is a centralized repository for storing and distributing Docker Images. It gives you access to share and manage Docker images with others in your organization or the public. There are two types of Docker registries:

1. Private Registry: A private registry is a repository for storing and sharing Docker images within your organization. You can keep your blueprints secure in your private registry and avoid sharing your proprietary code with public cloud hosting.
2. Public Registry: Docker Hub is the most popular public registry. It is a cloud-based registry that allows you to store and share Docker images with the community. Docker Hub has a vast collection of pre-built images to build your containers. You can also create and upload your own images to Docker Hub.

It is built on the Docker Registry API, which defines a set of endpoints for managing and accessing Docker images. Registry APIs allow you to create containers that perform the following:

1. Search for Docker images
2. Pull Docker images

docker pull

3. Push Docker images

docker push

4. Delete Docker images

docker image rm [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE…])

When you push an image to a registry, it is stored as a repository with a name and a tag. The repository’s name identifies the image, and the tag identifies a specific version of the image. You can create multiple tags for the same image, each representing a different version or configuration of a container image.

To use a Docker image from a registry, you need to pull it onto your local machine. You can do this using the docker pull commanDockerlowed by the repository’s name and tag. 

For example:

docker pull myfolder.yourdomain.com/myimage:latest

This command will pull the latest version of the myimage image from the private registry located atmyfolder.yourdomain.com.

3. Docker Engine

Now let’s walk through Docker Engine, the system’s beating heart. The component manages the creation, running, and removal of Docker Containers. It includes a daemon on the host machine and a command-line interface (CLI) allowing users to interact with docker daemon runs and create Docker containers.

When a user creates a Docker container, the Docker Engine creates an isolated environment for the container to run in. This isolation ensures the container can run on any system without additional libraries.

Docker Engine also provides container networking, storage management, and security features. With Docker containers, libraries/components can communicate with each other using virtual networks that can be created and managed by Docker Engine. Docker Engine also provides a storage driver framework that allows users to choose how container data is stored on the host system.

Docker Engine can be installed on various OS, – like Linux, Ubuntu, Windows, and macOS. After installation, the installed Docker- Engine can be managed using the command-line interface (CLI) or a web-based user interface. Read more onhow to install docker on Ubuntu.

These components together make up what you know as the Docker platform, which provides a comprehensive solution for building, shipping, and running containerized applications.

Other Components of Docker Containers

Docker Compose

Docker Compose is a command-line tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. It helps you to create, begin, stop, and rebuild configurations and check the status and log output of all operating services.

Docker File

A Dockerfile is the foundation of every Docker container. This text file contains instructions for creating a Docker image – including the operating system, file locations, environmental variables, languages, network ports, and other components required to run it.

Docker Hub

Docker Hub is a repository for storing, sharing, and managing container images. Look at this like the version control GitHub for containers.

Best practices for using Docker Container

When using Docker Container, following some best practices to ensure optimal performance, security, and scalability is important. Here are some of the best practices to consider:

1. Keep images small: To reduce storage and network bandwidth, it’s best to keep Docker Images as small as possible by only including necessary components and minimizing the number of layers.
2. Keep containers stateless: It is better to maintain Docker Containers stateless by keeping any stateful data outside the container, such as in a database or storage server, to maximize flexibility and scalability.
3. Keep containers isolated: Prevent conflicts and ensure security by isolating the Docker Containers from each other and the host system by using namespaces and groups.
4. Use multi-stage builds: Optimizing the build process and reducing image size can create intermediate images for different stages of the build process.
5. Use Docker Compose: Docker Compose, which allows users to design and execute multi-container applications with a single command, is suggested for simplifying multi-container application deployment and maintenance.

The Takeaways On Docker Containers

Docker Container has revolutionized how applications are built, shipped, and deployed by providing a lightweight, portable, and scalable solution that simplifies the management of complex application environments. 

With its ability to package everything needed to run an application into a single container, Docker Container has become an essential tool for developers and IT professionals, enabling them to achieve faster time-to-market, better scalability, and increased flexibility.

With this article, we have touched on the basics of Docker Container, including its components, benefits, and best practices for its use. Docker Container is a game-changing container technology transforming how organizations develop, deploy, and run their applications. It is expected to continue to play a critical role in the future of software development and IT operations.

Docker vs Kubernetes, which one is right for you?

 Docker and Kubernetes have become household names in software engineering and information technology. These two technological giants continue to transform application-building processes as they enhance speed, efficiency, and reliability, among many other benefits.

Docker allows us to package and containerize our applications into smaller components, while Kubernetes steps up the whole process by offering advanced orchestration capabilities focusing solely on containerized applications’ management. Despite overlapping features, both tools differ significantly in their roles, from benefits to architecture design.

In this article, we will discuss the differences between Docker and Kubernetes. By delving into this article on the main distinctions between them, you’ll hopefully establish whether Docker or Kubernetes aligns with your necessities best.

What is Docker?

Docker is a software platform that allows you to build, test, and deploy applications faster. It can be used for running containers on any PC or server. Docker organizes software into systematic units called containers that comprise all of the components necessary for the software to function, including libraries, system tools, code, and runtime.  

Docker enhances productivity since it allows programmers to package their programs and dependencies into a portable container. Creating such containers means they can travel seamlessly between operating systems avoiding common compatibility-related problems. 

Ultimately, this results in standardized environments for each programmer regardless of the distinct platforms they might use. If developers develop applications in containers on their computers, they need not stress over discrepancies that arise from fundamental features like the operating system or other dependencies. This way, they can easily deploy their application onto a server.

Features of Docker

Some of the features of Docker include:

1. Service-Oriented Architecture: According to Docker, each container should only run one application or activity at a time. This makes distribution, scaling, debugging, and examination of your apps much easier.
2. Isolation and security: With Docker’s Security Management, secrets are kept within the swarm for better protection. The containers in Docker provide isolation between various applications, avoiding interference and ensuring stability.
3. Scalability: Docker containers can be easily generated, and it is possible to manage multiple containers simultaneously and effectively. Also, Docker’s portability allows for flexible management of workloads by adjusting the size of apps and services to meet business needs in almost real-time.
4. Image management: Docker’s images make storing program files and dependencies possible. Updating containers or creating new ones can be achieved using images created with this application.
5. Volume management: Docker is handy for apps that need data storage as it offers a volume management system. With this, developers can save the data that came from containers.

Practical Use Cases of Docker

Deploying Software

All-inclusive packaging of configurations and dependencies offered by Docker containers presents several benefits in regard to deploying applications. This helps with easy deployment and transfer of applications without spending time configuring host servers. Leveraging this requires that Docker is installed on the server or PC.

Running Lightweight Linux Distros

While Docker containers share some similarities with virtual machines, they are, in fact, much more lightweight. This feature enables the use of Linux Docker images in place of a full-blown virtual machine for most purposes. 

The Linux docker images have only the basic requirements of the operating system; for example, the Alpine Linux image is about 3MB big. Docker containers allow users to install software and input customizations similar to what can be done on any Linux server. 

Hosting Servers

The strength of Docker containers lies in their ability to be used for various applications while remaining incredibly lightweight. This includes supporting server utilities like web and file servers through containerization.

Another common use case is creating a reverse proxy server using Nginx docker containers. Furthermore, VPNs can also be created by utilizing Docker containers, allowing for secure device access from anywhere through encrypted transmission.

Creating Development Environments

Some complex development environments demand a lot of dependencies and configuration. Using Docker, you can quickly share them with your project team by bundling them into a single image. Also, Docker can be used to imitate or run different software environments. This helps you save time by avoiding the need to set up the software and other customizations.

What is Kubernetes?

Management and scaling of applications comprising several containers often represent a significant challenge. With Kubernetes, scaling and management of applications become easier.

Kubernetes, also referred to as K8s, is an open-source platform for managing, scaling and automating container deployment. Kubernetes is highly flexible, meaning it can work with any container runtime.

It is an effective tool for efficiently scaling containerized applications by automating specific critical tasks related to managing containers, such as load-balancing or self-healing configurations.

These containers typically package individual components of an application, such as code snippets and associated dependencies. For instance, if discrepancies occur within a container, it is Kubernetes’ responsibility to rectify this by promptly replacing them with functional ones. Or if a particular application experiences significant traffic influxes beyond its capacity to handle, Kubernetes undertakes measures to create and manage additional containers seamlessly.

Features of Kubernetes

1. Resource management: Kubernetes ensures containers have access to the resources they require to function properly by optimizing resource usage.
2. Container orchestration: The container orchestration capabilities offered by Kubernetes make it simple to scale and manage containers.
3. Self-healing: In the event of a failure, Kubernetes can automatically identify and fix broken containers, ensuring that the application is still accessible.
4. Deployment automation: With the help of Kubernetes’ robust deployment automation tools, developers can automate many of the processes involved in deploying applications.
5. Load balancing: Load balancing is a feature that Kubernetes includes in its core that aids in distributing traffic among containers in order to improve performance.

Uses Cases of Kubernetes

Below, you can read some of the most compelling use cases for Kubernetes today.

Large-Scale App Deployment

Kubernetes supports numerous container runtimes, including Docker, containers, CRI-O, etc. They are designed to handle large apps using automation tools and a declarative setup method. Load balancing and features like horizontal pod scalability enable developers to build up the system with minimal downtime.

Managing Microservices

Kubernetes is the best solution for microservice-to-microservice communication between application components. It enables authentication, manages component behavior, and allocates resources among microservices in the case of failure.

CI/CD Software Development

An automated set of procedures for developing, testing, and deploying software is known as CI/CD (Continuous Integration – Continuous Delivery/Deployment). Configuring a Kubernetes CI/CD workflow allows using the platform’s features, including automation and effective resource management.

Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Deployments

With Kubernetes in hybrid and multi-cloud environments, developers can ensure application portability. The underlying infrastructure can be abstracted using Kubernetes notions like services, ingress controllers, and volumes.

Comparison table on Kubernetes vs. Docker

Features	Docker	Kubernetes
Containerization	Packages applications and dependencies into containers	Orchestrates containers in a cluster
Image management	Provides a powerful image management system	Support container image from Docker swarm and other sources
Load balancing	Limited load-balancing capabilities	Provides built-in load balancing
Deployment automation	Limited deployment automation capabilities	Provides advanced deployment automation features
Resource management	Basic resource management capabilities	Provides advanced resource management and optimization
Self-healing	Limited self-healing capabilities	Can automatically detect and repair failed containers
Community support	Large and active community support	Large and active community support
Purpose	Containerization and packaging of applications	Orchestration and management of containers
Key Benefit	Portability and consistency across environments	Scalability and resilience
Primary Function	Builds, runs, and manages containers	Orchestration and management of containerized applications
Use case	Ideal for small to medium-scale applications	Ideal for large-scale and complex applications
Deployment	Suitable for standalone deployment or with other tools	Requires deployment on a cluster of machines
Architecture	Single-host architecture	Multi-host and distributed architecture
Learning curve	Relatively easy to learn and use	Steep learning curve

Conclusion

Enhancing efficiency in developing, testing, and deploying applications calls for powerful tools like Docker or Kubernetes. These tools differ in architectural design and capabilities. Docker works great with containerization, whereas Kubernetes excels at advanced orchestration management of containerized apps. 

Docker is best used for small to medium-scale applications, while Kubernetes is best used for advanced and large-scale applications that require extensive container management. Taking note of differences like this is essential before selecting one tool over the other. Your decision depends entirely on which tool best matches your application requirements, available resources, and expertise level.