Create & Manage Amazon Aurora Global Database

 

Create & Manage Amazon Aurora Global Database

Amazon Aurora is a service offered by AWS which is a fully managed relational database engine that’s compatible with both MySQL and PostgreSQL. This is a database in which you have a single Aurora database that spans multiple AWS Regions to support your globally distributed applications.

In this activity guide, you will learn how to create and configure the Amazon Aurora Database and add a secondary region to manage Database.

Azure Virtual Network (VNet)

 

Azure Virtual Network

Azure Network is the interlinking and communication of all the Azure Resources in an organization. Networking leads to efficient resource work with better consistency and coordination.

Virtual Networking is the communication between devices, servers, virtual machines over the internet. Similarly, Azure Virtual Network (VNet) is a private network with interconnected Azure Resources like Azure Virtual Machines, Infrastructure and Network. It enables communication between various Azure Resources via the Internet. In a Virtual Network, a continuous block of IP Address is used to create multiple subnet networks.

Azure Subnet

As we know, the subnet is a part of a network that covers a range of IP Address. In Azure, VNet can be divided into smaller subnets for organizations. When a VNet is created in Azure, the subnet range and topology needs to be specified. In Subnet, the IP Address range will be a subpart from a big block of IP Address used in Virtual Network (VNet). The Virtual Machines and resources in a network will be assigned the IP Address from these subnets.

Azure Network Interface

In Azure, NIC is virtual ethernet cards that help communicate the Virtual Machines present in a network. When a Virtual Machine is created in Azure, the NIC with default settings is automatically created. Also, Network Interface settings in Azure can be customized using command tools like Azure CLI and PowerShell.

Configure a MySQL DB Instance via RDS

 

Configure a MySQL DB Instance via RDS

Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud. It provides cost-efficient and resizable capacity while automating time-consuming administration tasks such as hardware provisioning, database setup,
patching, and backups. It frees you to focus on your applications so you can give them the fast performance, high availability, security, and compatibility they need.

In this activity guide, you will learn how to download and install MySQL Workbench, configuring a MySQL DB Instance via Relational Database Service (RDS) and connecting to the database via MySQL Workbench, and run some MySQL Queries

Getting Familiar with IP Addressing

 

Getting Familiar with IP Addressing

Before understanding IP Address, we need to learn the binary numbers. If you are not familiar with binary and decimal conversion, look at the brief explanation below.

In the decimal number system, the combinations are made using only the numbers from 0 to 9. In other words, it is the number system with a base of 10 (0 to 9). Similarly, in the Binary Number System base of 2 (0 and 1) is used. Each value in a binary number is made with 2N (‘N’ is the place value that increases from right to left). The below table shows the basic conversion between binary and decimal.

Binary	Conversion	Decimal
000	0x22+0x21+0x20	0
001	0x22+0x21+1×20	1
010	0x22+1×21+0x20	2
011	0x22+1×21+1×20	3
100	1×22+0x21+0x20	4
101	1×22+0x21+1×20	5

What is IP Address?

IANA is the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority that manages and assigns the IP address in the world. IP Address identifies each device on a network uniquely. There are currently two IP Adress that is IPv4 and IPv6. An IPv4 address contains a total of 32 binary bits divided into 4 equal octets (8-bit block), whereas IPv6 is written in hexadecimal notation, separated into 8 groups of 16 bits by the colons, thus (8 x 16 = 128) bits in total. We will focus on IPv4 as it is the most used. Each octet of an IP Address is separated by a decimal and ranges from 0 to 255. You will clearly understand the binary number, octets, and IP address formation in the below table.

IP Address	Octet 1	Octet 2	Octet 3	Octet 4
10.2.7.4	00001010	00000010	00000111	00000100
192.124.249.161	11000000	01111100	11111001	10100001
255.255.140.40	11111111	11111111	10001100	00101000

There are two different IP address one is private, and the other is public.

• Private IP is accessed only within a network like a simple school network with a LAN connection.
• Public IP is accessed globally via the Internet.

The table below shows the Private IP address range assigned by IANA, and the rest are all Public IP address.

Private IP Range
10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

What is IP Subnetting?

Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into many smaller networks. There are 5 classes of IP address and each with a unique purpose. Only the first octet is used for dividing an IP Address into different classes. The table below shows the range of IP address of the 5 classes.

Class	Octet 1 Range (in Binary)	Octet 1 Range (in Decimal)
Class A	00000000-01111111	0-126
Class B	10000000-10111111	128-191
Class C	11000000-11011111	192-223
Class D	11100000-11101111	224-239
Class E	11110000-11110111	240-255

Class D is reserved for multitasking and broadcasting purpose, whereas Class E is reserved for research and development. So both these classes are reserved and can not be used. The below table shows the range of the first octet in an IP address with each class.

An IP address can further be divided into small networks depending on the use and purpose. The above classes are not sufficient for real-life use. Only 5 classes can not hold all the hosts on the same network, and the loss of IP address will be huge. So, the CIDR method was introduced.

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

CIDR is a method for allocating IP Address. Using this method, we can apply a subnet mask to an IP Address. This mask defines the number of bits used as a network, and the host will use the other bits that left. To understand CIDR better, we will decode a simple IP address with a subnet mask.

Suppose 192.168.1.30/28 is an IP address with 28 as the subnet mask. By comparing with IP address classes in the above table, this IP comes under Class C. Now, 24 bits are made of 3 octets, so the network will take four extra bits from the next octet to complete 28 bits. Using 2N(‘N’ is the number of borrowed bits from the host), a total of 16 subnets is formed. After taking the four bits, the last octet is left with only 4 bits that a host will use. Using 2H(‘H’ is the number of host bits left), each subnet will contain a block of 16 IP address. The first and last IP is reserved for network and broadcast in each subnet, so the total number of hosts will be 2H-2(‘H’ is the number of host bits) equals 14.

Although a total of 16 subnets or network are possible for this example, the table below listed the initial 4 subnets that can be formed using 28 as the subnet mask. Each subnet contains a total of 16 IP address, and the number of hosts will be 14 as the other two are reserved for network and broadcast.

After comparing the IP given in the example that is 192.168.1.30/28 with the table below, it is clearly visible that it belongs to the second subnet ranging from 192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31.

SubNet	Total IP	Network IP	Broadcast IP	Range of Hosts	Total Hosts
1	16	192.168.1.0	192.168.1.15	192.168.1.1-192.168.1.14	14
2	16	192.168.1.16	192.168.1.31	192.168.1.17-192.168.1.30	14
3	16	192.168.1.32	192.168.1.47	192.168.1.33-192.168.1.46	14
4	16	192.168.1.48	192.168.1.65	192.168.1.49-192.168.1.64	14

IP Address in Azure

The two different types of IP Address used and allocated in Azure are Public IP and Private IP.

• Private – The Private IP address allows communication of resources within the azure resource group. In other words, resources can not access a private IP outside the network. The resources that can be connected using a private address are VM Network Interface, ILB (Internal Load Balancer) and Application Gateway.
• Public – The Public IP address allows Azure Resources to communicate with public-facing Azure services via the Internet. In other words, resources can access public IP outside the network. Some resources that can be connected using public address are VM Network Interface, Public Facing ILB, Application Gateway, VPN Gateway and Azure Firewall.

IP Allocation

• Dynamic IP – The default allocation method by which Azure can automatically assign the available and unreserved IP address from the subnet’s address range. Also, the Dynamic IP is not fixed and changes with time.
• Static IP – This is the custom allocation method to assign the available and unreserved IP address from the subnet’s address range. The Static IP is fixed and does not vary with time.

Working with Route53 for Disaster Recovery

 

Working with Route53 for Disaster Recovery

Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud Domain Name System (DNS) web service. It is designed to give developers and businesses an extremely reliable and cost-effective way to route end users to Internet applications by translating names like www.example.com into the numeric IP addresses like 192.0.2.1 that computers use to connect. Amazon Route 53 is fully compliant with IPv6 as well.

In this activity guide, you will learn how to plan the recovery from a disaster using Route53, Active-Active Failovers, and Active-Passive Failovers.

Registering a Free Domain Name For Free

 Registering a Free Domain Name For Free

All computers on the Internet, from your smartphone, laptop/PC to the servers that serve content for massive retail websites, can be found and communicate with one another by using numbers. These numbers are called IP addresses. When you go visit a website through your browser, you don’t have to remember and enter a long number. Instead, you can enter a DNS name (domain) like example.com.

In this activity guide, you will learn how to get a domain name for free.

Configuring Load Balancer And Autoscaling on EC2 Instances

 Configuring Load Balancer And Autoscaling on EC2 Instances

AWS Auto Scaling monitors your applications and automatically adjusts capacity to maintain steady, predictable performance at the lowest possible cost. Using AWS Auto Scaling, it’s easy to setup application scaling for multiple resources across multiple services in minutes.

Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, IP addresses, and Lambda functions. It can handle the varying load of your application traffic in a single Availability Zone or across multiple Availability Zones.

In this activity guide, you will learn how to create High Availability Architectures using Autoscaling and Load Balancers.