To Print Working Directory
Print the name of the current working directory
[root@sanlinux~]# pwd
List of Files and Directories
To see the list of files and directories
[root@sanlinux~]# ls <options> <arguments>
Options
-l – Long list including attributes
-a – All files and directories including hidden
-d – For a particular file or directory
-R – Recursive to see the tree structure
Creation of files
Files can be created by using any of the three methods given below:
Cat command
Touch command
Vi editor
Cat (Concatenation) Command
Creating and displayed text files
[root@sanlinux~]# cat <option> <arguments><filesname>
To create a file
[root@sanlinux~]# cat > <filename>
To view the contents of a file
[root@sanlinux~]# cat <files=name>
To append or add to an existing file
[root@sanlinux~]# cat >> <filename>
To combines the data of two or more files into a third file
[root@sanlinux~]# cat <first file> <second file> >> <third file>
Touch Command
To create a zero byte file
[root@sanlinux~]# touch <filename>
To create multiple zero byte files
[root@sanlinux~]# touch <first file> <second file> <third file>
To change the time stamp of a file or directory
[root@sanlinux~]# touch <directory or filename>
Vi Editor
To create file
[root@sanlinux~]# vi <filename>
Creating Directories
To create a directory
[root@sanlinux~]# mkdir <directory name>
To create multiple directories
[root@sanlinux~]# mkdir <first dir> <second dir> <third dir>
To create nested directories
[root@sanlinux~]# mkdir –p <first dir>/<second dir>/<third dir>
Navigation of Directories
To change the directory
[root@sanlinux~]# cd <path of the directory>
To change directory one level back
[root@sanlinux~]# cd ..
To change directory two levels back
[root@sanlinux~]# cd ../..
To change to the last working directory
[root@sanlinux~]# cd –
To change to the users home directory
[root@sanlinux~]# cd
Help or Manual Page
To view the manual page of a command
[root@sanlinux~]# man <command>
Copying
To copy a file or directory
[root@sanlinux~]# cp <options> <source file> <destination>
Options
-r – Recursive (to copy the directory along with its contents)
-v – Verbose
-p – Copy with permissions
Moving and Renaming
To move a file or directory to a different location
[root@sanlinux~]# mv <source file or directory> <destination>
Rename a file or directory
[root@sanlinux~]# mv <old name> <new name>
Deleting
To remove or delete an empty directory
[root@sanlinux~]# rmdir <directory name>
To remove or delete a file or directory
[root@sanlinux~]# rm <option> <file or directory name>
Options
-r – Recursive (directory along with contents)
-f – forcefully
Some other commands
To see the date
[root@sanlinux~]# date
To see the calendar
[root@sanlinux~]# cal
File Viewing Commands
To view the contents o f a file screen-wise
[root@sanlinux~]# less <file name>
To view the top lines of a file
[root@sanlinux~]# head <filename>
[root@sanlinux~]# head -5 <filename>
To view the bottom line of a file
[root@sanlinux~]# tail <filename>
[root@sanlinux~]# tail -3 <filename>
VI editor modes
VI editor has three modes of operations
Command Mode
Insert mode
Ex Mode (Extended Command Mode)
Insert Mode
I – Insert the text at the current cursor position.
l – Insert the text in beginning of a line
a – Adds the text after the current cursor position
A – Adds the text at the end of a line
o – Insert the text one line below current cursor position
O – Insert the text one line above current cursor position
Ex mode
:q – Quit without saving
:q! – Quit forcefully without saving
:w – Write (save)
:wq – Save and quit
:wq! – Save and quit forcefully
:se nu – sets line numbers
:se nonu– Remove line numbers
:84 – The cursor goes to line 84
Command Mode
dd – Deletes a line
ndd – Deletes ‘n’ lines
yy – Copies a line
nyy – Copies ‘n’ lines
p – Put (pastes the deleted or copied text)
u – Undo(you can undo 1000 times)
G – Moves the cursor to the last line of the file
